Learned sparse and dense representations capture different successful approaches to text retrieval and the fusion of their results has proven to be more effective and robust. Prior work combines dense and sparse retrievers by fusing their model scores.

As an alternative, this paper presents a simple approach to densifying sparse representations for text retrieval that does not involve any training. Our densified sparse representations (DSRs) are interpretable and can be easily combined with dense representations for end-to-end retrieval.

We demonstrate that our approach can jointly learn sparse and dense representations within a single model and then combine them for dense retrieval. Experimental results suggest that combining our DSRs and dense representations yields a balanced tradeoff between effectiveness and efficiency.