A Generative Model for Closed-Loop Microsimulation of Signalized Intersections

Traffic microsimulators rely on hand-crafted behavior models that reproduce aggregate flow but miss the heterogeneous interactions between vehicles at signalized intersections. Learned trajectory predictors capture richer interactions but are short-horizon and tend to be unstable when run in closed loop.

We present Enactor, an actor-centric generative model for closed-loop intersection microsimulation. The model focuses on vehicles; pedestrians are included as context that can influence vehicle decisions but not predicted.

Dynamic actors and lane polylines are encoded in polar coordinates referenced to the intersection center. A transformer with separate spatial and temporal attention blocks predicts a distribution over each actor's next-step motion ($s$, $α$).

Training uses a closed-loop curriculum so the model is exposed to its own predictions. We evaluate Enactor in two regimes.

In a 4000-second simulation-in-the-loop test at two intersection geometries, Enactor controls every dynamic vehicle against a continuously refreshing actor set rather than the fixed cohort that learned trajectory predictors are usually evaluated against. It recovers the SUMO data generator's speed and travel-time distributions with KL divergence over an order of magnitude lower than a recent transformer baseline on travel time, and substantially lower on speed (roughly $5\times$ lower at Site 1), and reduces red-light violations relative to the same baseline by more than an order of magnitude.

An ablation isolates the leader rear-bumper feature as the change with the largest effect on intersection-aware safety metrics. We also evaluate on real-world field data and apply the same architecture to naturalistic vehicle trajectories from a fish-eye camera at a signalized intersection and evaluate it on multi-horizon predictive tasks.

Enactor outperforms a constant-velocity baseline at every horizon evaluated.