Low Perplexity is Repetition: A One-Dimensional Self-Conditioning Attractor in Continuous Diffusion LMs
2607.00588

Authors

Zhenzhong Lan,Shuai Zhang,Zijie Chen,Hongliang He,Lun Du

Abstract

Continuous diffusion language models such as ELF report record-low generative perplexity (Gen-PPL). We find a catch: these models repeat far more than human text, and Gen-PPL rewards rather than penalizes that repetition, so its low scores overstate quality.

Strip the repetition and ELF-B's Gen-PPL rises from $19.5$ to $27.7$; the smallest model even posts the best Gen-PPL because it repeats most. We trace the repetition to its source: a contractive attractor along a single direction in the self-conditioning feedback loop, the loop that feeds each step's clean estimate into the next. Because the failure is one-dimensional, a one-dimensional fix suffices, and we propose one.

ACE (Attractor-Contrast-Escape) subtracts that single, label-free direction from the feedback at each step. Estimated once on the $105$M model, the direction cuts repetition to near the human level while keeping quality competitive, and transfers near-unchanged to the $342$M and $652$M models and across samplers; the same recipe recovers useful directions on other architectures.

Since Gen-PPL itself rewards repetition, we instead measure the compute each fix needs to produce human-clean text, where ACE is $1.5$--$5\times$ cheaper.

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