N-Gram Memories at Two Bits: Quantizing Lookup Tables in Large Language Models
2610.21810

Authors

Donghoon Han,Minseop Jung,Dong Woo Kwak,SeungJae Lee,Junhoo Lee

Abstract

Conditional memory expands language-model capacity through selective lookup, but the full embedding table must remain available for every possible input. We introduce Conditional Program (CP), a compressed representation that reconstructs only the rows an input requests.

CP represents each row by a short code and a local scale, with a reconstruction program shared across the table. We instantiate this representation with a Gaussian trellis, norm restoration and independently decodable row records.

CP's two-bit code lowers output KL by 41--63% relative to 2-bit round-to-nearest. Analysis across three trained n-gram memory families shows that Gaussian-like coordinate statistics coexist with learned relationships among rows; at matched storage budgets, the shared trellis outperforms the fitted codebooks and low-rank residual variants we test.

For DeepSeek, it reduces table storage from 203GB to 51GB, leaving room for larger workloads when the table is kept on GPU.

Resources

Ray graphicRay graphicRay graphicRay graphic

Stay in the loop

Every AI paper that matters, free in your inbox daily.

Details

  • takara.ai
  • Custom AI and machine learning from the Frontier Research Team.
  • © 2026 takara.ai Ltd
  • Content is sourced from third-party publications.
Ray graphicRay graphicRay graphic